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The characteristics and value meanings of the new writings of the Qing Dynasty
Author: Zhang Wen (Associate Researcher of the Institute of Ancient Books, Huadong Teacher Fan Dao’s Chinese Department)
Source: “Confucius Research” Issue 6, 2023
Abstract: The tide of writing new writings has emerged since the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods of the Qing Dynasty. In addition to “Travels”, there are new writings. Although these new works are all private works, because there are close contacts between the authors, they are collectively considered as group phenomena, and have their overall developmental and similar academic orientation. Due to the different contents and different sources, the newly sparse body forms have a diverse form, but in the different ways of loving ancient meanings, the continuous Han Dynasty learning tradition is its direction. The Qing Dynasty scholars opposed the old example of “not breaking the notes” and used the description of the works of building meanings to study the spirit of seeking truth from facts. The new commentary is the crystallization of academic research in the Qing Dynasty. It has the characteristics of comprehensive content. After the “Thirteen Notes” and “Four Books and Five Books”, it forms another characteristic classical essay system. It has the main value and profound meaning for the academic research and classic inheritance of later generations.
In the development of Chinese traditional civilization, learning has been in the main and focal positions for a long time. Learning has the characteristic of “describing without doing”, and the traditional source of the book has a long flow. From the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there have been many stages of development, and the academic atmosphere has changed and the paradigm has also changed. In particular, the annotations and sentences of the two Han dynasties and the remarks of the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the mainstream forms of the lyrics during this period. In the early Tang Dynasty, Kong and others compiled the “Five Correctics” and “Jian Gongyao”, and wrote the “Zhou Lu Shu” and “Jian Lu Shu”, including Xu Lu Shu of Gongyang, Yang Shiyu’s “Yue Liang Shu”, and the four commentaries of “The Song Dynasty”, “Filial Piety”, “Mencius”, and “Erya” written by the Song Dynasty. Later, it was engraved into the “Thirteen Notes and Commentary”, which is a collection of texts of the Han Tang Annotation and Commentary System. Cheng and Zhu’s study of the cognition in the Song Dynasty became excited, “to defeat the Tang Dynasty and study the theory alone”, and had many new notes on the original texts of the book. Later scholars explained and explained the explanations and gradually formed a new epigraphy system, which dominated from the Southern Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. The “Four Books” and “Five Books” compiled in the early Ming Dynasty, as well as the imperial compilation and prefaces that appeared in the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties in the early Qing Dynasty, are all collections of texts within this system, and can be called the “Four Books and Five Books” system. [1] Since the early Qing Dynasty, the examination and cultivation market trend has become more and more prosperous. The students have returned from the “Four Books and Five Books” to the Han Tang Notes and Comments. With the profoundness of the study, they have become dissatisfied with the “Thirteen Notes and Comments… Comments”. They have been writing new commentaries from generation to generation for various students. This is another major collection of literature in the history of academic history.
In June of the 15th year of Guangchang of the Qing Dynasty (1889), Wang Yirong, an editor of the Hanlin Academy, submitted a memorial, saith memorial written by Chen Qingru, and asked the court to issue an order to list it in the palace. The article is full of words about QianjiaSince the prosperity of education, “Since Qianlong, as for today, the academic community in the country has its own experts, analyzing the current situation and causing inaccuracies. The Thirteenth chapter will be brilliantly prepared, tutoring and seeking truth from the perspective of the Han Dynasty” [2]. At the same time as this, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, also had a proposal to “collect and publish the remarks of the dynasty in the Kingdom”. [3] Zhang Zhidong also expressed his new commentary on the writings of the Qing Confucian scholars in his famous book “The Psychology”. As for Sun Said, he asked the article to summarize the new memorials and wrote the situation, saying that “no one who speaks about the eloquence is more than the eloquence, and no one who is good at the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the eloquence of the e Tang Li also pointed out that “Since Hui and Dai, Confucian rulers have adhered to their family rules and not as moral remarks.” They also listed various new remarks, claiming that they were “all the ultimate of a generation, and only seen in ancient times” [5]. It can be seen that the Qing people’s new comments were already valued in the late Qing Dynasty and became a meritorious academic achievement that people at the time regarded as honor. Modern people Zhang Taiyan and Liang Qi have a super-level account of the academic history of the Qing Dynasty, and have also made new contributions to the new comments. As Liang said, “Since the Qing Dynasty regarded learning as its main source, those who were most successful in learning have almost all new commentaries.” [6] As early as the modern era, there was a plan to print the “Thirteen New Commentaries”. [7] Since the 1980s of the 20th century, the China Book Bureau has selected twenty-four works to compile and compile books in the name of “The 13th Qing people’s commentary”, although these are not full of works, new replies from major ministries have been included.
The projects that were newly released in the Qing Dynasty were not very similar. According to the physical characteristics of the works of Yishu, it should be to use texts and notes to relieve the meaning of the prose and notes, and to find the inner thoughts of the prose. Benefit the meaning The text paradigm that has been constructed in the “Thirteen Notes and Notes” should also have the structure level of “Thirteen Notes and Notes”. According to this standard and balance of standardization, there are sixteen new commentaries, which are in sequence according to the order of the book: Hui Qi “Book of the Book of Changes”, Jiang Feng’s “Shang Shu of the Book of Shang Shu”, Shao Xun’s “Erya Zhengyi”, Sun Xingyan’s “Shang Shu of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Contemporary and Ancient Texts”, Hao Yixing’s “Shang Shu of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Bo TC:
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